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Hot Topics of the Day are picked by experts to capture the latest information and publications on public health genomics and precision health for various diseases and health topics. Sources include published scientific literature, reviews, blogs and popular press articles.

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61 hot topic(s) found with the query "All of us research"

Selection, optimization and validation of ten chronic disease polygenic risk scores for clinical implementation in diverse US populations
NJ Lennon et al, Nature Medicine, February 19, 2024 (Posted: Feb 20, 2024 7AM)

From the abstract: " From an initial list of 23 conditions, ten were selected for implementation based on PRS performance, medical actionability and potential clinical utility, including cardiometabolic diseases and cancer. Standardized metrics were considered in the selection process, with additional consideration given to strength of evidence in African and Hispanic populations. We then developed a pipeline for clinical PRS implementation (score transfer to a clinical laboratory, validation and verification of score performance), and used genetic ancestry to calibrate PRS mean and variance, utilizing genetically diverse data from 13,475 participants of the All of Us Research Program cohort to train and test model parameters. "

Genomic data in the All of Us Research Program
All of Us, Nature, February 19, 2024 (Posted: Feb 20, 2024 7AM)

From the abstract: "This resource is unique in its diversity as 77% of participants are from communities that are historically under-represented in biomedical research and 46% are individuals from under-represented racial and ethnic minorities. All of Us identified more than 1?billion genetic variants, including more than 275?million previously unreported genetic variants, more than 3.9?million of which had coding consequences. Leveraging linkage between genomic data and the longitudinal electronic health record, we evaluated 3,724 genetic variants associated with 117 diseases and found high replication rates across both participants of European ancestry and participants of African ancestry. Summary-level data are publicly available, and individual-level data can be accessed by researchers . "

Data-driven science and diversity in the All of Us Research Program.
Geoffrey S Ginsburg et al. Sci Transl Med 2023 12 (726) eade9214 (Posted: Dec 14, 2023 8AM)

From the paper: "Having >1 million whole-genome sequences integrated with longitudinal data from questionnaires and electronic health records will allow a comprehensive molecular epidemiological approach across the life span. Genetic, environmental, and lifestyle data will be integrated and accessible, promoting an understanding of how their interactions drive transitions from health to disease and enabling a robust assessment of vulnerabilities and resilience for an individual or population. "

Association Between a First-Degree Family History and Self-Reported Personal History of Obesity, Diabetes, and Heart and Blood Conditions: Results From the All of Us Research Program.
Danielle Rasooly et al. J Am Heart Assoc 2023 11 e030779 (Posted: Nov 13, 2023 8PM)

From the abstract: "We assessed the association between a self-reported family history of ODHBs and their risk in the adult population (age =20 years) of the AoU (All of Us) Research Program, a longitudinal cohort study of diverse participants across the United States. We conducted a family history-wide association study to systematically assess the association of a first-degree family history of 15 ODHBs in AoU. We use the FamWAS method to estimate 225 familial associations among 15 ODHBs. The results include overlapping associations between family history of different types of cardiometabolic conditions (such as type 2 diabetes and coronary artery disease), and their risk factors (obesity, hypertension), where adults with a family history of 1 ODHB exhibited 1.1 to 5.6 times (1.5, on average) the odds of having a different ODHB. "

Family and personal history of cancer in the All of Us research program for precision medicine.
Lauryn Keeler Bruce et al. PLoS One 2023 7 (7) e0288496 (Posted: Jul 18, 2023 2PM)

The All of Us (AoU) Research Program is making available one of the largest and most diverse collections of health data in the US to researchers. Using the All of Us database, we evaluated family and personal histories of five common types of cancer in 89,453 individuals, comparing these data to 24,305 participants from the 2015 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS). Comparing datasets, we found similar family cancer history (33%) rates, but higher personal cancer history in the AoU dataset (9.2% in AoU vs. 5.11% in NHIS).

NIH launches largest precision nutrition research effort of its kind
NIH ALL of Us, May 2023 Brand (Posted: May 17, 2023 11AM)

The National Institutes of Health is now enrolling participants in a landmark initiative to advance nutrition research. Nutrition for Precision Health, powered by the All of Us Research Program (NPH), is working with 14 sites across the United States to engage 10,000 participants from diverse backgrounds and learn more about how our bodies respond differently to food. NPH will use artificial intelligence (AI)-based approaches to analyze information provided by participants in order to develop algorithms that predict responses to dietary patterns. The study’s findings may one day allow healthcare providers to offer more customized nutritional guidance to improve overall health.

Tracking the Impact of the All of Us Research Program: The All of Us Reports and Publications Database
M Clyne et al, CDC Blog Post, March 28, 2023 Brand (Posted: Mar 28, 2023 8AM)

The All of Us Reports and Publications Database (AofURPD) is a continuously updated, searchable database referencing and linking to peer reviewed journal publications, preprint records, as well as select information from websites and media sources that relate to the All of Us Research Program. This blog provides a baseline overview of the content of the AofURPD as of March 17, 2023, including reports and publications as far back as the All of Us Research Program inception in 2016.

A Piece of a Puzzle – The All of Us Research Program and Cancer
K Littrell et al, CDC Blog Post, February 27, 2023 Brand (Posted: Feb 27, 2023 9AM)

The All of Us research program has vast potential for making an impact on population health using the new tools of precision medicine. Pairing genomic data with family health history will be critical for clinical utility. The genetic and environmental data that the All of Us research program promises are all important pieces of the puzzle in the progress towards cancer prevention and control.

Design and Implementation of the All of Us Research Program COVID-19 Participant Experience (COPE) Survey.
Claire E Schulkey et al. American journal of epidemiology 2023 2 (Posted: Feb 20, 2023 6AM)

In response to the rapidly evolving COVID-19 pandemic, the All of Us Research Program longitudinal cohort study developed the COVID-19 Participant Experience (COPE) survey to better understand the pandemic experiences and health impacts of COVID-19 on diverse populations within the United States. Six survey versions were deployed between May 2020 and March 2021 covering mental health, loneliness, activity, substance use, and discrimination, as well as COVID-19 symptoms, testing, treatment, and vaccination. A total of 104,910 All of Us Research Program participants, of whom over 73% were from communities traditionally underrepresented in biomedical research, completed 275,201 surveys; 9,693 completed all six surveys

Fitbit step counts clarify the association between activity and chronic disease risk
Nature Medicine, October 11, 2022 (Posted: Oct 12, 2022 8AM)

Using electronic health records data from the All of Us Research Program, we show that higher daily step counts in data collected over several years of Fitbit fitness tracker use were associated with lower risk of common, chronic diseases, including diabetes, hypertension, gastroesophageal reflux disease, depression, obesity and sleep apnea.

The Impact of COVID-19 on the All of Us Research Program.
Hedden Sarra L et al. American journal of epidemiology 2022 10 (Posted: Oct 09, 2022 10AM)

Before the pandemic, the program was enrolling approximately 12,500 participants per month at more than 400 clinic sites. In March 2020, all in-person activity at sites and by engagement partners was paused to develop processes and procedures for in-person activities that incorporate strict safety protocols because of the pandemic. In addition, the program adopted new data collection methodologies to reduce the need for in-person activities. Through February 2022, 224 clinic sites have reactivated in-person activity, and all enrollment and engagement partners have adopted new data collection methodologies that can be completed remotely.

From All of Us Research to All of Us in the Real World
CDC September 29 webinar, 1-hour video (Posted: Oct 06, 2022 3PM)

Through a Data Use Agreement with the All of Us Research Program, scientists at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention can now register to access and analyze All of Us Research Program Data through a cloud platform. This webinar reviewed the All of Us Research Program study design and current status, discussed its potential for providing important population data to inform implementation of disease prevention and to reduce health disparities and provided a training session for scientists interested in accessing and analyzing All of Us Data.

Association of Everyday Discrimination With Depressive Symptoms and Suicidal Ideation During the COVID-19 Pandemic in the All of Us Research Program
YH Lee et al, JAMA Psychiatry, July 27, 2022 (Posted: Jul 27, 2022 2PM)

In this cohort study, everyday discrimination was associated with significantly increased odds of moderate to severe depressive symptoms and suicidal ideation between May and July 2020. Notably, this association was stronger among participants self-identifying as Hispanic or Latino or non-Hispanic Asian when the main reason for discrimination was race, ancestry, or national origins.

All of Us Seeks Input on Broadening Participants’ Electronic Health Record Data
All of US Research Program, July 26, 2022 Brand (Posted: Jul 27, 2022 10AM)

Request for Information looks for guidance on how to acquire and integrate data from health information networks and health information exchanges. “Health care in the United States is highly fragmented, so patient data is often siloed in different systems, making it difficult to access. Lack of interoperability and evolving data standards contribute to additional gaps in our EHR dataset.”

Calling on All of Us Public Health Scientists
MJ Khoury et al, CDC Blog Post, July 22, 2022 Brand (Posted: Jul 23, 2022 8AM)

Scientists at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and elsewhere can now access and analyze data from the National Institutes of Health’s All of Us Research Program. In this post, we briefly explore three attributes of All of Us data that make them uniquely beneficial for public health scientists and other researchers interested in population health.

From All of Us Research to All of Us in the Real World: Using the All of Us Research Program Data to Improve Population Health
CDC Webinar, September 29, 2022 (Posted: Jul 07, 2022 1PM)

Through a Data Use Agreement with the All of Us Research Program, scientists at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention can now register to access and analyze All of Us Research Program Data through a cloud platform. In this seminar we will: 1) Review the All of Us Research Program study design and current status, 2) Discuss its potential for providing important population data to inform implementation of disease prevention and to reduce health disparities and 3) Provide a hands-on training session for scientists interested in accessing and analyzing All of Us Data.

Virtual Workshop on Integrating Climate and Environmental Data and Justice into the All of Us Research Program
NIH, All of Us Research Program Workshop, July 28-29, 2022 Brand (Posted: Jun 28, 2022 0PM)

The goal of this workshop is to discuss innovative project ideas for potential Ancillary Studies between the All of Us Research Program and the National Institute for Environmental Health Sciences. An ‘Ancillary Study’ is one that creates a new data type for All of Us by virtue of the question(s) it aims to answer. Ancillary Studies may also add new participants to the program. Workshop participants will also discuss environmental exposures or data linkages that should be considered for collection in the entire All of Us cohort.

Notice of Special Interest (NOSI): Administrative Supplements to Support "All of US" and Health Disparities-Related Pilot Research Projects at NIMHD-Funded Research Centers in Minority Institutions (RCMI)
NIH, May 2022 Brand (Posted: May 23, 2022 11AM)

This Notice of Special Interest (NOSI) invites applications for administrative supplements to NIMHD Research Centers in Minority Institutions (RCMI) U54 awards to support pilot research projects led by post-doctoral fellows, junior faculty, or other early-stage investigators (ESIs) that utilize the NIH’s All of Us Research Program dataset. NIMHD is particularly interested in health equity studies that explore the role of social determinants in health outcomes or clinical care for populations that experience health disparities.

Notice of Special Interest: Administrative Supplements to Advance Precision Medicine Using the All of Us Research Program’s Data
NIH, May 20, 2022 (Posted: May 23, 2022 11AM)

The All of Us dataset, available to scientists across the United States, provides unprecedented opportunities for a wide range of studies to understand how biological, behavioral, and environmental factors influence health and a broad range of diseases and conditions. The All of Us data are housed on the Researcher Workbench, which also includes tools, along with personalized support resources, such as an integrated help desk, regular office hours, sample datasets and more. Researchers must register and apply for access to the All of Us Researcher Workbench to analyze data (https://www.researchallofus.org/apply/). Once registered, researchers can create research projects using collaborative workspaces, cohort-building tools, interactive notebooks, and more. Currently, researchers must complete the All of Us Research Program data access process to access the Researcher Workbench and Registered Tier data. Additional training is required to access the controlled tier, which includes more granular data on participants as well as whole genome sequence and genotyping data,

All of Us Research Program Seeks Input on Environmental Health Data
NIH, May 5, 2022 Brand (Posted: May 09, 2022 11AM)

The National Institutes of Health’s All of Us Research Program has issued a Request for Information (RFI) to gather public suggestions on integrating environmental health data into its platform for data analysis, the Researcher Workbench. Inclusion of this data will drive new areas of research and insights on the influence of the environment, alongside social, biological, and other determinants of health.

Colliding with Collider Bias: Implications for Precision Public Health
D Rasooly et al, CDC Blog Post, May 9, 2022 Brand (Posted: May 09, 2022 11AM)

Large-scale genomic studies have uncovered thousands of statistical associations between genetic variants and health outcomes, transforming our understanding of the genetic determinants of human diseases. Nevertheless, study sample selection and attrition over time can bias associations between variables, generating potentially biased estimates for genetic associations. This bias can be magnified in the case of studying phenotypic associations with polygenic risk scores in large scale cohort studies of unrepresentative or highly selected populations, such as the UK biobank, and potentially in the newly launched All of Us Research Program cohort study.

Comparing medical history data derived from electronic health records and survey answers in the All of Us Research Program.
Sulieman Lina et al. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association : JAMIA 2022 4 (Posted: Apr 10, 2022 3PM)

The 4th All of Us dataset release includes data from 314 994 participants; 28.3% of whom completed medical history surveys, and 65.5% of whom had EHR data. Hearing and vision category within the survey had the highest number of responses, but the second lowest positive agreement with the EHR (0.21). The Infectious disease category had the lowest positive agreement (0.12). Cancer conditions had the highest positive agreement (0.45) between the 2 data sources.

Built environment’s impact on COVID-19 transmission and mental health revealed by COVID-19 Participant Experience data from the All of Us Research Program
W Luo et al, MEDRXIV, April 8, 2022 (Posted: Apr 09, 2022 8AM)

All of Us: Release of Nearly 100,000 Whole Genome Sequences Sets Stage for New Discoveries
J Denny et al, NIH Blog, March 2022 Brand (Posted: Apr 03, 2022 7AM)

The ultimate goal is to gather health data from at least 1 million or more people living in the United States, and there’s plenty of time to join the effort. Whether you would like to contribute your own DNA and health information, engage in research, or support the All of Us Research Program as a partner, it’s easy to get involved. By taking part in this historic program, you can help to build a better and more equitable future for health research and precision medicine.

Whole-genome sequencing as an investigational device for return of hereditary disease risk and pharmacogenomic results as part of the All of Us Research Program
E Venner et al, Genome Medicine, March 28, 2022 (Posted: Mar 30, 2022 7AM)

Whole-genome sequencing (WGS), variant calling processes, data interpretation, and return-of-results procedures had to be created and receive an Investigational Device Exemption (IDE) from the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The performance of the entire workflow was assessed through the largest known cross-center, WGS-based, validation activity that was refined iteratively through interactions with the FDA over many months.

All of Us Celebrates Women’s History Month, Scientifically
NIH All of Us Research Program Newsletter, March 2022 Brand (Posted: Mar 27, 2022 8AM)

Happy Women’s History Month! At the All of Us Research Program, we celebrate the many women who work hard to help us reach our goal of creating one of the most diverse health databases in history. To learn more about what it’s like to be a woman working in science, we asked six women at All of Us about their career paths. These women contribute to the program as researchers, participant partners, and program directors

How new data from the All of Us Research Program will help address the diversity problem in genomics
L Eisenstadt, Broad Institute, March 2022 (Posted: Mar 24, 2022 8AM)

The field of genomics has had a representation problem. More than 80 percent of people who have participated in large genomics studies are of European descent. The All of Us Research Program, led by the National Institutes of Health, aims to help solve that problem by partnering with one million participants or more from communities across the United States that have not historically been represented in genomics research.

All of Us Research Program Researchers Convention
All of US, NIH, March 31, 2022 Brand (Posted: Mar 21, 2022 2PM)

The All of Us Researchers Convention provides an opportunity for a broad spectrum of researchers using the All of Us Research Program data and tools offered through the Research Hub to showcase their work with colleagues, peers, and others who share a passion for advancing health research. The two-day virtual event will focus on researchers at various educational and professional career stages across two separate but linked events: the Minority Student Research Symposium (March 31) and Science Day (April 1).

NIH’s All of Us Research Program Releases First Genomic Dataset of Nearly 100,000 Whole Genome Sequences
NIH, March 17, 2022 Brand (Posted: Mar 18, 2022 7AM)

Nearly 100,000 highly diverse whole genome sequences are now available through the National Institutes of Health's All of Us Research Program. About 50% of the data is from individuals who identify with racial or ethnic groups that have historically been underrepresented in research. This data will enable researchers to address yet unanswerable questions about health and disease, leading to new breakthroughs and advancing discoveries to reduce persistent health disparities.

Self-rated family health history knowledge among All of Us program participants
LE Hull et al, Genetics in Medicine, January 17, 2022 (Posted: Jan 18, 2022 8AM)

We performed a cross-sectional analysis of survey data from the All of Us Research Program. Self-rated family health history data were available for 116,799 participants. Most survey participants (63%) had no or some knowledge about their family health history (n = 43,661). Associated factors included assigned male sex at birth, gender and sexual minorities, self-reported race other than White, lower household annual income (<$25,000), or lower educational attainment (<high school graduate).

Preventing Glaucoma Vision Loss with ‘Big Data’
F Collins, NIH Director blog, September 16, 2021 (Posted: Sep 17, 2021 6AM)

A recent study analyzed data from more than 1,200 people with glaucoma who participate in NIH’s All of Us Research Program. With consent from the participants, Baxter used their EHRs to train a computer to find telltale patterns within the data and then predict with 80 to 99 percent accuracy who would later require eye surgery.

NIH study offers new evidence of early SARS-CoV-2 infections in U.S.
NIH, June 15, 2021 Brand (Posted: Jun 16, 2021 7AM)

A new antibody testing study examining samples originally collected through the National Institutes of Health’s All of Us Research Program found evidence of SARS-CoV-2 infections in five states earlier than had initially been reported. These findings were published in the journal Clinical Infectious Diseases. The results expand on findings from a Centers for Disease Control and Prevention study that suggested SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, was present in the U.S. as far back as December 2019.

Progress With the All of Us Research Program: Opening Access for Researchers.
Ramirez Andrea H et al. JAMA 2021 6 (Posted: Jun 12, 2021 7AM)

As of April 2021, there were 278?365 adults who completed the initial steps of program participation (including consent for health-related research use of data, donation of biospecimens [urine and blood or saliva], sharing of electronic health record [EHR] data by their health care organization, in-person provision of physical measurements, and surveys about demographics, lifestyle, and overall health) that qualified them as core participants and 380?881 adults who completed at least the primary consent to participate.

Research Projects Directory- 507 ACTIVE PROJECTS
All of US Research Program, April 6, 2021 Brand (Posted: Apr 06, 2021 8AM)

Information about each project within the Researcher Workbench is available in the Research Projects Directory. Approved researchers provide their project’s research purpose, description, populations of interest, and more. This information helps All of Us ensure transparency on the type of research being conducted.

NIH’s All of Us Partners with HudsonAlpha on Long-Read Sequencing Project
Clinical Omics, October 18, 2019 (Posted: Oct 21, 2019 10AM)

The NIH’s All of Us Research Program will assess the use of DNA sequencing technologies for diagnosis and treatment of common and rare diseases. The project will use long-read whole genome sequencing technologies to generate genetic data on about 6,000 samples from participants of different backgrounds.

How Public Health Can Learn From and Inform the Precision Medicine All of Us Research Program?
CDC Public Health Genomics Seminar, November 21, 2019 Brand (Posted: Sep 23, 2019 8AM)

Join us to learn more about the All of Us research program, better understand how the approaches used to recruit All of Us participants can inform future public health efforts to address diversity, and share your expertise in increasing diverse participation in your own public health work.

Huge US government study to offer genetic counselling
J Lambert, Nature News, August 21, 2019 (Posted: Aug 22, 2019 7AM)

“This is a really responsible and more equitable way of communicating the results of research to all participants,” says Bartha Knoppers, the director of the Centre of Genomics and Policy at McGill University in Montreal, Canada. All of Us research program is "laying the foundations for building good bridges between the findings and the people.”

Leaders of NIH’s All of Us Research Program recap progress and next steps
Strong progress has been made in efforts to advance precision medicine, NIH Research Matters, August 14, 2019 Brand (Posted: Aug 15, 2019 8AM)

The “All of Us” Research Program
All of Us, NEJM, August 14, 2019 (Posted: Aug 15, 2019 8AM)

The program enrolls participants 18 years of age or older from a network of more than 340 sites. The protocol includes health questionnaires, electronic health records, physical measurements, the use of digital health technology, and the collection of biospecimens. As of July 2019, >175,000 participants had contributed biospecimens.

Webinar: All of Us Research Program – Reaching Communities
NACCO, webinar, August 13, 2019 (Posted: Jul 23, 2019 8AM)

All of Us Research Hub Data Browser
NIH, 2019 Brand (Posted: May 14, 2019 8AM)

Celebrating a Milestone—and the All of Us Participants
All of US Research, February 2019 Brand (Posted: Feb 24, 2019 1PM)

All of Us Research Program Expands Data Collection Efforts with Fitbit
NIH, January 16, 2018 Brand (Posted: Jan 18, 2019 10AM)

Webinar: Public Health Implications of the All of Us Research Program
NACCHO, January 23, 2019 12:00 pm - 1:00 pm (Posted: Dec 29, 2018 0PM)

Precision Medicine for the Advancement of Knowledge on Heart, Lung, Blood, and Sleep Health and Disease: Exploring Opportunities and Addressing Challenges Using the All of Us Research Program
NHLBI July 11-12, 2018 workshop summary, Brand (Posted: Oct 24, 2018 10AM)

Privacy Safeguards- All of Us uses high quality security technology to help keep participant data safe.
All of US Research Program, 2018 Brand (Posted: Aug 31, 2018 8AM)

The new era of precision population health: insights for the All of Us Research Program and beyond.
Lyles Courtney R et al. Journal of translational medicine 2018 Jul (1) 211 (Posted: Jul 30, 2018 8AM)

NIH announces national enrollment date for All of Us Research Program to advance precision medicine Events planned across the country to engage diverse communities.
NIH News Release, May 1, 2018 (Posted: May 01, 2018 10AM)

All of Us Research Priorities Workshop
NIH, Meeting, Mar 21-23, 2018 Brand (Posted: Mar 20, 2018 8PM)

Answers to patients’ top 5 questions on All of Us Research Program
B Murphy, AMA< Feb 26, 2018 (Posted: Mar 02, 2018 11AM)

Working Group Outlines Possibilities for All of Us Research Program’s Genomics Plan
NIH, AllofUS research, December 2017 (Posted: Dec 29, 2017 1PM)

All of Us Research Program Seeks Input on Research Priorities
NIH, Dec 19, 2017 Brand (Posted: Dec 20, 2017 11AM)

National organizations support outreach efforts for NIH’s All of Us Research Program
NIH, Nov 16, 2017 Brand (Posted: Nov 16, 2017 2PM)

NIH’s All of Us Research Program expands national network of medical centers
NIH, August 29, 2017 Brand (Posted: Aug 29, 2017 0PM)

Genomics Working Group of the All of Us Research Program Advisory Panel
NIH AllofUs Research Program, August 2017 Brand (Posted: Aug 16, 2017 8AM)

The All of Us Research Program announces first community partner awards
NIH news release, July 25, 2017 Brand (Posted: Jul 26, 2017 10AM)

Beta Testing Begins for NIH’s All of Us Research Program
Brand (Posted: Jun 06, 2017 0PM)

The Precision Medicine Initiative's All of Us Research Program: an agenda for research on its ethical, legal, and social issues.
Sankar Pamela L et al. Genetics in medicine : official journal of the American College of Medical Genetics 2016 Dec (Posted: Dec 14, 2016 0PM)

PMI Cohort Program announces new name: the All of Us Research Program
NIH, October 13, 2016 Brand (Posted: Oct 13, 2016 9AM)

Workshop Presentation Slides: Building a Large U.S. Research Cohort
Precision Medicine Initiative Brand (Posted: Feb 14, 2015 7AM)

Precision Medicine Initiative: Building a Large U.S. Research Cohort [PDF 508.60 KB]
NIH Workshop February 2015 Summary Brand (Posted: Jan 01, 2014 0AM)


Disclaimer: Articles listed in Hot Topics of the Day are selected by Public Health Genomics Branch to provide current awareness of the scientific literature and news. Inclusion in the update does not necessarily represent the views of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention nor does it imply endorsement of the article's methods or findings. CDC and DHHS assume no responsibility for the factual accuracy of the items presented. The selection, omission, or content of items does not imply any endorsement or other position taken by CDC or DHHS. Opinion, findings and conclusions expressed by the original authors of items included in the Clips, or persons quoted therein, are strictly their own and are in no way meant to represent the opinion or views of CDC or DHHS. References to publications, news sources, and non-CDC Websites are provided solely for informational purposes and do not imply endorsement by CDC or DHHS.
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